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        <h1 id="模块和包"><a href="#模块和包" class="headerlink" title="模块和包"></a>模块和包</h1><h1 id="一-模块"><a href="#一-模块" class="headerlink" title="一. 模块"></a>一. 模块</h1><p>Python 模块(Module)，是一个 Python 文件，以 .py 结尾，包含了 Python 对象定义和Python语句。</p>
<p>模块能定义函数，类和变量，模块里也能包含可执行的代码。</p>
<h2 id="1-1-导入模块"><a href="#1-1-导入模块" class="headerlink" title="1.1. 导入模块"></a>1.1. 导入模块</h2><h3 id="1-1-1-导入模块的方式"><a href="#1-1-1-导入模块的方式" class="headerlink" title="1.1.1 导入模块的方式"></a>1.1.1 导入模块的方式</h3><ul>
<li>import 模块名</li>
<li>from 模块名 import 功能名</li>
<li>from 模块名 import *</li>
<li>import 模块名 as 别名</li>
<li>from 模块名 import 功能名 as 别名</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1-1-2-导入方式详解"><a href="#1-1-2-导入方式详解" class="headerlink" title="1.1.2 导入方式详解"></a>1.1.2 导入方式详解</h3><h4 id="1-1-2-1-import"><a href="#1-1-2-1-import" class="headerlink" title="1.1.2.1 import"></a>1.1.2.1 import</h4><p>语法</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># 1. 导入模块</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">import 模块名</span><br><span class="line">import 模块名1, 模块名2...</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 2. 调用功能</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">模块名.功能名()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">import math</span><br><span class="line">print(math.sqrt(36))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="1-1-2-2-from-import"><a href="#1-1-2-2-from-import" class="headerlink" title="1.1.2.2 from..import.."></a>1.1.2.2 from..import..</h4><p>from 模块名 import 功能1, 功能2, 功能3…</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">from math import sqrt</span><br><span class="line">print(sqrt(36))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="1-1-2-3-from-import"><a href="#1-1-2-3-from-import" class="headerlink" title="1.1.2.3 from .. import *"></a>1.1.2.3 from .. import *</h4><p>from 模块名 import *  # *指代所有</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">from math import *</span><br><span class="line">print(sqrt(36))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="1-1-2-4-as定义别名"><a href="#1-1-2-4-as定义别名" class="headerlink" title="1.1.2.4 as定义别名"></a>1.1.2.4 as定义别名</h4><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># 模块定义别名  ：即改名字</span><br><span class="line">import 模块名 as 别名</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 功能定义别名</span><br><span class="line">from 模块名 import 功能 as 别名</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="1-2-制作模块"><a href="#1-2-制作模块" class="headerlink" title="1.2. 制作模块"></a>1.2. 制作模块</h2><p>在Python中，每个Python文件都可以作为一个模块，模块的名字就是文件的名字。<strong>也就是说自定义模块名必须要符合标识符命名规则。</strong></p>
<h3 id="1-2-1-定义模块"><a href="#1-2-1-定义模块" class="headerlink" title="1.2.1 定义模块"></a>1.2.1 定义模块</h3><p>新建一个Python文件，命名为<code>my_module1.py</code>，并定义<code>testA</code>函数。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># 完成加法运算</span><br><span class="line">def testA(a, b):</span><br><span class="line">    print(a + b)</span><br><span class="line"># 测试信息</span><br><span class="line">testA(1, 11) </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>此时，无论是当前文件，还是其他已经导入了该模块的文件，在运行的时候都会自动执行<code>testA</code>函数的调用。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">def testA(a, b):</span><br><span class="line">    print(a + b)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 只在当前文件中调用该函数，其他导入的文件内不符合该条件，则不执行testA函数调用</span><br><span class="line">if __name__ &#x3D;&#x3D; &#39;__main__&#39;:</span><br><span class="line">    testA(1, 11)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># 调用</span><br><span class="line">import my_module</span><br><span class="line">my_module.testA(4, 6)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>如果使用<code>from .. import ..</code>或<code>from .. import *</code>导入多个模块的时候，且模块内有同名功能。当调用这个同名功能的时候，调用到的是后面导入的模块的功能。</p>
<h2 id="1-3-模块定位顺序"><a href="#1-3-模块定位顺序" class="headerlink" title="1.3. 模块定位顺序"></a>1.3. 模块定位顺序</h2><p>当导入一个模块，Python解析器对模块位置的搜索顺序是：</p>
<ol>
<li>当前目录</li>
<li>如果不在当前目录，Python则搜索在shell变量PYTHONPATH下的每个目录。</li>
<li>如果都找不到，Python会察看默认路径。UNIX下，默认路径一般为/usr/local/lib/python/</li>
</ol>
<p>模块搜索路径存储在system模块的sys.path变量中。变量里包含当前目录，PYTHONPATH和由安装过程决定的默认目录。</p>
<h2 id="1-4-all"><a href="#1-4-all" class="headerlink" title="1.4. __all__"></a>1.4. <code>__all__</code></h2><p>如果一个模块文件中有<code>__all__</code>变量，当使用<code>from xxx import *</code>导入时，只能导入<strong>这个列表中的元素</strong>。</p>
<h1 id="二-包"><a href="#二-包" class="headerlink" title="二. 包"></a>二. 包</h1><p>包将有联系的模块组织在一起，即放到同一个文件夹下，并且在这个文件夹创建一个名字为<code>__init__.py</code> 文件，那么这个文件夹就称之为包。</p>
<h2 id="2-1-制作包"><a href="#2-1-制作包" class="headerlink" title="2.1 制作包"></a>2.1 制作包</h2><p>[New] — [Python Package] — 输入包名 — [OK] — 新建功能模块(有联系的模块)。</p>
<p>注意：新建包后，包内部会自动创建<code>__init__.py</code>文件，这个文件控制着包的导入行为。</p>
<h3 id="2-1-1-快速体验"><a href="#2-1-1-快速体验" class="headerlink" title="2.1.1 快速体验"></a>2.1.1 快速体验</h3><ol>
<li>新建包<code>mypackage</code></li>
<li>新建包内模块：<code>my_module1</code> 和 <code>my_module2</code></li>
<li>模块内代码如下</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># my_module1</span></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">info_print1</span>():</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">&#x27;my_module1&#x27;</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># my_module2</span></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">info_print2</span>():</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">&#x27;my_module2&#x27;</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h2 id="2-2-导入包"><a href="#2-2-导入包" class="headerlink" title="2.2 导入包"></a>2.2 导入包</h2><h3 id="2-2-1-方法一"><a href="#2-2-1-方法一" class="headerlink" title="2.2.1 方法一"></a>2.2.1 方法一</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> 包名.模块名</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">包名.模块名.目标</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="2-2-1-1-体验"><a href="#2-2-1-1-体验" class="headerlink" title="2.2.1.1 体验"></a>2.2.1.1 体验</h4><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> my_package.my_module1</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">my_package.my_module1.info_print1()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="2-2-2-方法二"><a href="#2-2-2-方法二" class="headerlink" title="2.2.2 方法二"></a>2.2.2 方法二</h3><p>注意：必须在<code>__init__.py</code>文件中添加<code>__all__ = []</code>，控制允许导入的模块列表。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> 包名 <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br><span class="line">模块名.目标</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="2-2-2-1-体验"><a href="#2-2-2-1-体验" class="headerlink" title="2.2.2.1 体验"></a>2.2.2.1 体验</h4><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> my_package <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">my_module1.info_print1()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h1 id="三-总结"><a href="#三-总结" class="headerlink" title="三. 总结"></a>三. 总结</h1><ul>
<li>导入模块方法</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> 模块名</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> 模块名 <span class="keyword">import</span> 目标</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> 模块名 <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li>导入包</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> 包名.模块名</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> 包名 <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li><code>__all__ = []</code> ：允许导入的模块或功能列表</li>
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